Find the perfect challenger deep stock photo. Quickly repaired, it was again put down on the 15th to 10,559 metres (34,642 ft) depth at 11°23.3′N 142°13.8′E / 11.3883°N 142.2300°E / 11.3883; 142.2300. The best website to look at is shown below. Even then, there will remain uncertainty (error bars) of one or two standard deviations in both location and depth. Kelly Walsh is the son of the Trieste’s captain Don Walsh who descended there in 1960 with Jacques Piccard. Oct. 1, 2001. [158][11] "Hatchetfish." The first Rainbow Fish lander took photographs, the second took sediment samples, and the third took biological samples. As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from the typical biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now. (2014)."[113]. On her southbound track from Japan to New Zealand (May–July 1951), Challenger II conducted a survey of "the Marianas Trench between Guam and Ulithi [sic]," using seismic-sized bomb-soundings and recorded a maximum depth of 5,663 fathoms (33,978 ft; 10,356 m). CNN. 10, 1372, 2002, p. 10-2, Applanix_POS_MV_-_Datasheet.pdf www.mra.pt›repositorio›pdf›especificaciones-pos-mv-320, Wen-Li Li, et.al., Periodic and Spatial Spreading of Alkanes and Alcanivorax Bacteria in Deep Waters of the Mariana Trench; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jan 2019, 85 (3), [Shanghai newspaper article to be adding ref here], Nakanishi, M., "A Precise Bathymetric map of the World’s deepest seafloor, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench," Marine Geophysical Research, Table 2, 2011, p.1, Cruise Summary, YK09-08, Taishi Tsubouchi "Challenger Area" p. 11. [11] Most of the organisms collected were simple, soft-shelled foraminifera (432 species according to National Geographic[185]), with four of the others representing species of the complex, multi-chambered genera Leptohalysis and Reophax. The telescope octopus got its name from its protruding eyes, a unique feature among octopuses. 30, no. [33] Thomas Washington established geodetic positioning by (SATNAV) with Autolog Gyro and EM Log. 1996 – RV Yokosuka –– For most of 1995 and into 1996, the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) employed the 4,439-ton Research Vessel Yokosuka to conduct the testing and workup of the 11,000 meter remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) Kaikō, and the 6,500 meter ROV Shinkai. The front section of the barrelleye fish’s head is transparent. In March 2012, James Cameron used it to visit Challenger Deep. In 1999, Kairei revisited the Challenger Deep during cruise KR99-06. [125] The time on the bottom was shortened because a hydraulic fluid leak in the lines controlling the manipulator arm obscured the visibility out the only viewing port. 29, no. The lander was successfully tested twice to 10,895 m (35,745 ft) depth, taking video images and sediment samplings at 11°22.14′N 142°25.76′E / 11.36900°N 142.42933°E / 11.36900; 142.42933, in the central basin of the Challenger Deep. The cruise title was: "Sea trial of a full depth ROV UROV11K system in the Mariana Trench". The Danish Ultra Deep Lander System was employed by Ronnie Glud et al on four casts, two into the central basin of the Challenger Deep and two to 6,000 m some 34 nmi west of the central basin. 2001 – RV Melville –– The 2.516-ton research vessel Melville at the time operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography took the Cook Expedition, Leg 6 with chief scientist Patricia Fryer of the University of Hawaii from Guam on 10 February 2001 to the Challenger Deep for a survey titled "Subduction Factory Studies in the Southern Mariana," including HMR-1 sonar mapping, magnetics, gravity measurements, and dredging in the Mariana arc region. [49] They hauled eight dredges in the western basin to depths ranging from 10,015 metres (32,858 ft) to 10,900 metres (35,800 ft); and between hauls, cast thirteen free vertical traps. Tracking largely along the trench axis of 070°-250° they made five 80-km bathymetric survey tracks, spaced about 15-km apart, overlapping their SeaBeam 2112-004 (which now allowed sub-bottom profiling penetrating as much as 75 m below the bottom) while gaining gravity and magnetic data covering the entire Challenger Deep: western, central, and eastern basins. From 2 May to 5 June 2009, the RV Kilo Moana hosted the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV) Nereus team for the first operational test of the Nereus in its 3-ton tethered ROV mode. See its depth in other units of measurements: inches, kilometers, and miles. Analysis of the samples collected by Kaiko confirmed the presence of large numbers of or… Their early departure from the ocean floor was due to their concern over a crack in the outer window caused by the temperature differences during their descent. [113] Sally Ride arrived at the Challenger Deep on 2 November. And not only that, here apparently, was a true, bony teleost fish, not a primitive ray or elasmobranch. According to the August 2011 version of the GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, the Challenger Deep is 10,920 m (35,827 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) deep at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917. 2 (2018), p.119, Ritchie, G.S., "Challenger, the Life of a Survey Ship, Abelard-Shuman (1958), p.229. Using a Kongsberg Maritime EM 122 multi-beam echosounder system coupled to positioning equipment that can determine latitude and longitude up to 50 cm (20 in) accuracy, from thousands of individual soundings around the deepest part the CCOM/JHC team preliminary determined that the Challenger Deep has a maximum depth of 10,994 m (36,070 ft) at 11°19′35″N 142°11′14″E / 11.326344°N 142.187248°E / 11.326344; 142.187248, with an estimated vertical uncertainty of ±40 m (131 ft) at two standard deviations (i.e. "[121], On 26 March 2012 (local time), Canadian film director James Cameron made a solo manned descent in the DSV Deepsea Challenger to the bottom of the Challenger Deep. "[13] They returned to the "Marianas Deep" (sic)[14] in October 1951. These sharks typically cruise way down to 3,000 feet (914 meters), and the older they get, the deeper they dive. Built by engineers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Nereus can collect rocks, animals, and water samples and can transmit high-quality video to the surface through a hair-thin fiber-optic cable. It was not until February 1996, during Yokosuka's cruise Y96-06, that Kaikō was ready for its first full depth dives. On the rare occasions that people snag them and bring them to the surface, the sharks almost always perish immediately, making it very difficult for us to observe their behavior and lifecycles. The crew poked their cameras into every underwater nook and cranny they could find, showing millions of viewers a new perspective on life beneath the waves. Still, this underwater canyon is one of the most unexplored places on our planet, and it will likely remain so until we find new ways to peer into the depths without risking being crushed or drowned (or breaking our research budgets). [31] Additionally, at location "H-4" in the Challenger Deep, the expedition cast three taut-wire soundings: on 12 April, the first cast was to 5078 fathoms (corrected for wire angle) 9,287 metres (30,469 ft) at 11°23′N 142°19.5′E / 11.383°N 142.3250°E / 11.383; 142.3250 in the central basin. [89], 2014 – RV Falkor –– From 16–19 December 2014, the Schmidt Ocean Institute's 2,024-ton research vessel Falkor, under chief scientist Douglas Bartlett from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, deployed four different untethered instruments into the Challenger Deep for seven total releases. In the lower position starting 600 m (1,969 ft) above the sea floor 295 specially designed high-resolution temperature sensors were mounted, the lowest of which was 8 m (26 ft) above the trench floor. [99] The Tansuo 01 operated along the 142°30.00' longitude line, about 30 nmi east of the earlier DY37II cruise survey (see Xiangyanghong 09 above). They spent one day on the return trip at the Challenger Deep to obtain DNA/RNA on the large amphipods inhabiting the Deep (Hirondellea gigas). The fish may use this glow to communicate with other fish or to provide camouflage. [21][22], 1959 – RV Stranger –– The first definitive verification of both depth and location of the Challenger Deep (western basin) was determined by Dr. R. L. Fisher from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, aboard the 325-ton research vessel Stranger. The greatest depth recorded was 5,940 fathoms (35,640 ft; 10,863 m),[15] at 11°19′N 142°15′E / 11.317°N 142.250°E / 11.317; 142.250. V. Gardner et al. When you think of octopuses, you probably envision a bulbous mantle sprouting eight dangly tentacles. Jellies Zone. May 1, 2014. During the first crewed dive on 7 June 2020 Victor Vescovo and former US astronaut (and former NOAA Administrator) Kathryn D. Sullivan descended to the "Eastern Pool" of the Challenger Deep in the Deep-Submergence Vehicle Limiting Factor. The first of these was the Eurydice Expedition, Leg 8 which brought Fisher back to the Challenger Deep’s western basin from 28–31 March 1975. Sonne used CTD casts about 1.6 km west of the deepest sounding to near the bottom of the Challenger Deep that were used for sound velocity profile calibration and optimization. The depth is so large that the tiny percentage If you're ever in the water when a goblin shark passes by, you'll find yourself dwarfed in size — they can grow as big as 18 feet (5.5 meters) in length. The EM-120 uses 1 by 1 degree sonar-emissions at the sea surface. Other fish are attracted to the barbel, mistaking it for an easy meal. From gelatinous animals called holothurians to shrimp-like creatures named amphipods, the animals of the deep can quickly start to resemble alien beings. Nakanishi, A., New Japanese Survey Vessel "Takuyo," International Hydrographic Review, Monaco, LXII (s), July 1985; pp. [90] The Deep Sound 2 recorded the implosion of Deep Sound 3, providing a unique recording of an implosion within the Challenger Deep depression. The expedition sampled at six stations transecting the central basin, with only two deployments of the "11-K camera system" lander for sediment cores and water samples to "Station C" at the deepest depth, i.e. [11] the 16-beam Seabeam "Classic". According to the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, a mud sample taken from the Challenger Deep by oceanographers at Kaiko was observed and about 200 different microorganisms discovered. It's the Mariana Trench, an underwater gash in Earth's crust that's five times longer than the Grand Canyon and much, much deeper. The DEEPSEA CHALLENGER is a one-person human-occupied vehicle (HOV) that was built to descend to and explore the deepest places in the ocean. The second descent (on 10 July 2009) was to 11°22.1136′N 142°25.8547′E / 11.3685600°N 142.4309117°E / 11.3685600; 142.4309117 at 10,897 metres (35,751 ft). [187][189] According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere – they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are. What's left of the male's body essentially becomes a storage tank for sperm that will help fertilize the female's eggs when the time is right. The other stations were investigated with the "Multi-core" lander, both to the backarc northward, and to the Pacific Plate southward. Five Kaikō dives followed on a daily basis into the same area to service benthic landers and other scientific equipment, with dive #277 recovered on 25 October. (June 26, 2015) http://www.alumni.ucsd.edu/s/1170/emag/emag-interior-2-col.aspx?sid=1170&gid=1&pgid=6301, Bowerman, Mary. The water pressure in the trench is nearly 1,000 times greater than at sea level. Twelve bottles of water samples were also obtained at various depths..." ABISMO's dive #14 was into the TOTO caldera (12°42.7777 N, 143°32.4055 E), about 60 nmi northeast of the deepest waters of the central basin of the Challenger Deep, where they obtained videos of the hydrothermal plume. [135][134] The gathered data was published with the caveat that it was subject to further analysis and could possibly be revised in the future. [43] A benthic lander was put into the western basin (11°19.7′N 142°09.3′E / 11.3283°N 142.1550°E / 11.3283; 142.1550, on 13 January, bottoming at 10,663 metres (34,984 ft) and recovered 50 hours later in damaged condition. Unfortunately, on UROV11K's ascent from 10,899 metres (35,758 ft) (at about 11°22.30’N 142°35.8 E, in the eastern basin) on 14 May 2017, the ROV’s buoyancy failed at 5,320 metres (17,454 ft) depth, and all efforts to retrieve the ROV were unsuccessful. This study by James. [27] The maximum depth measured near longitude 142°30’E was 10,760 metres (35,300 ft) ±20 m (66 ft), about 10 km west of the eastern basin’s deepest point. The cruise identifier was KR14-01, titled: "Trench biosphere expedition for the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench". The pressure is so high that it will crush nearly any creature (or manmade object), unless that animal or vessel is built specifically to withstand those extremes. [citation needed][112] The Nereus team was headed by Dr. Louis Whitcomb of Johns Hopkins University, and Dr. Dana Yoerger and Andy Bowen of WHOI. It's the Mariana Trench, an underwater gash in Earth's crust that's five times longer than the Grand Canyon and much, much deeper. [48] Yayanos directed Thomas Washington in arguably the most extensive and wide-ranging of all single-beam bathymetric examinations of the Challenger Deep ever undertaken, with dozens of transits of the western basin, and ranging far into the backarc of the Challenger Deep (northward), with significant excursions into the Pacific Plate (southward) and along the trench axis to the east. Now picture a shark with just such a face swimming around in the darkest, deepest seas. On 12 July 2016, the ROV Haidou-1 dove to a depth of 10,767 metres (35,325 ft) in the Challenger Deep area. Eyes? Pseudoliparis swirei sp. 51-57. Sirena Deep, the ocean's second-deepest place, is also situated in the Mariana Trench. An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at 10,900 m (35,800 ft). [16] Navigational accuracy of several hundred meters was attained by celestial navigation and LORAN-A. Its location, as shown in the following map, is 322 km (200 miles) southwest of Guam and 200 [42] "Echo soundings were carried out primarily with a 3.5 kHz single-beam system, with a 12 kHz echosounder operated in addition some of the time," (the 12 kHz system was activated for testing on 16 January). The University of Hawaii sent two chief scientists: biologist Tim Shank, and geologist Patricia Fryer, to head the science team exploiting the ship’s bathymetry and organizing the science experiments deployed by the Nereus. Aguilera, Mario C. "The Deep Comes Alive." Merely to see phosphorescence? A 6-hour descent into the western basin anchored the array at 10,854.7 metres (35,613 ft) ±8.9 m (29 ft) of water depth, at 11°20.127′N 142°12.0233′E / 11.335450°N 142.2003883°E / 11.335450; 142.2003883, about 1 km northeast of Sumner's deepest depth, recorded in 2010. (June 26, 2015) http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/goblinshark/goblinshark.html, Frazer, Jennifer. The analysis of the sonar survey offered a 100 metres (328 ft) by 100 metres (328 ft) grid resolution at bottom depth, so small dips in the bottom that are less than that size would be difficult to detect from the 0.5 by 1 degree sonar-emissions at the sea surface. In New Zealand, the Challenger II team gained the assistance of the Royal New Zealand Dockyard, "who managed to boost the echo sounder to record at the greatest depths. They are second generation. And food isn't particularly plentiful. [46] Fourteen traps and pressure-retaining traps were put down to depths ranging from 10,455 metres (34,301 ft) to 10,927 metres (35,850 ft) meters, the greatest depth was at 11°20.0′N 142°11.8′E / 11.3333°N 142.1967°E / 11.3333; 142.1967. Navigation of the support ships was by celestial and LORAN-C with an accuracy of 460 metres (1,510 ft) or less. (June 26, 2015) http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/04/us/florida-goblin-shark/, National Geographic. (June 26, 2015) http://www.nwf.org/news-and-magazines/national-wildlife/animals/archives/2001/mysteries-of-the-twilight-zone.aspx, University of California at Berkeley Museum of Palentology. In addition to sonar bathymetry, they took 44 gravity cores and 21 box cores of bottom sediments. Once again, Fisher entirely missed the eastern basin of the Challenger Deep, which later proved to contain the deepest depths. It prefers to make its home all the way down between 9,800 and 13,000 feet (2,987 and 3,962 meters). We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. [37] The deepest waters of the HMRG Deep/Serina Deep at 10,714 metres (35,151 ft) ±20 m (66 ft) are centered at/near 12°03.94′N 142°34.866′E / 12.06567°N 142.581100°E / 12.06567; 142.581100, approximately 2.65 km from Fisher's 25 March 1975 10,015 metres (32,858 ft) dredge haul. 2009 – RV Yokosuka – Cruise YK09-08 brought the JAMSTEC 4,429-ton research vessel Yokosuka back to the Mariana Trough and to the Challenger Deep June–July 2009. Scientists believe that this hue may help mask the bioluminescent glow of the tiny animals that the jellyfish eats, hiding the benthocodon from danger. [159] Approximately 3000 different microbes were identified in the samples. (June 26, 2015) http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/22/world/australia-frilled-shark/, Wrobel, Dave. The manometer measured depth of 10,911.4 m (35,799 ft) ±3 m (10 ft) at 11°22.39′N 142°35.54′E / 11.37317°N 142.59233°E / 11.37317; 142.59233 for the Challenger Deep is believed to be the most accurate measurement taken up to then. On 20 June 2020 Victor Vescovo and Kelly Walsh descended to the "Western Pool" of the Challenger Deep in the Deep-Submergence Vehicle Limiting Factor spending four hours at the bottom. From 25 to 27 December, three deep-sea landing devices descended into the trench. [13] a lander. The camera on the Kaiko probe recorded a shrimp, scale worm, and sea cucumber. The first results indicate the occurrence of internal waves in the Challenger Deep. The Nereus was successful in recovering both sediment and rock samples from the eastern and the western basins with its manipulator arm for further scientific analysis. It's an octopus that Walt Disney would've invented for one of his animated films. Well, for starters, this fish has a transparent head. Thanks to better technologies, we humans have finally begun to peer into the blackness of the Mariana Trench. "[36] While Fisher missed the eastern basin of the Challenger Deep (for the third time), he did report a deep depression about 150 nautical miles east of the western basin. [47], From 20 to 30 November 1980, Thomas Washington was on site at the western basin of the Challenger Deep, as part of Rama Expedition Leg 7, again with chief-scientist Dr. A.A. et.al. Another source states the greatest depth measured by Kaikō in 1996 was 10,898 m (35,755 ft) at 11°22.10′N 142°25.85′E / 11.36833°N 142.43083°E / 11.36833; 142.43083 and in 1998 10,907 m (35,784 ft) at 11°22.95′N 142°12.42′E / 11.38250°N 142.20700°E / 11.38250; 142.20700. It also dangles a lighted barbel, or whiskerlike protrusion, from its lower jaw. "8 Things You Probably Didn't Know About the Seadevil Anglerfish." Traps brought up large numbers of amphipods (sea fleas), and cameras recorded holothurians (sea cucumbers), White polychaetes (bristle worms), tube worms, and other biological species. Such a claim will require a survey of all three basins by both echosounders and pressure gauges, such that all depths are measured by one set of equipment and use the same correction calculations. The 7 km (4.3 mi) long mooring line in the Challenger Deep consisted of top-floatation positioned around 4 km (2.5 mi) depth, two sections of Dyneema neutrally buoyant 6 mm (0.2 in) line, two Benthos acoustic releases and two sections of self-contained instrumentation to measure and store current, salinity and temperature. The barreleye fish wasn't even known to humans until 1939, when it was pulled from its habitat 2,500 feet (762 meters) below the surface. Like many deep-water creatures, this species relies heavily on bioluminescent body parts, which leverage internal chemical reactions to produce an eerie glow. "Pacific Barreleye: Fish with a See-through Head." This was an important gap in information, as the eastern basin was later reported as deeper than the other two basins. National Wildlife Federation. [34][35] Five dredges were hauled 27–31 March, all into or slightly north of the deepest depths of the western basin. The First Manned Vessel To Reach Its Bottom Was Light is a rare and precious thing in the midnight zone of the ocean. The descent lasted 2 hours and 36 minutes and the recorded depth was 10,908 metres (35,787 ft) when Deepsea Challenger touched down. [55] Takuyo was the first Japanese ship to be equipped with the new narrowbeam SeaBeam multi-beam sonar echosounder, and was the first survey ship with multi-beam capability to survey the Challenger Deep. Although it's a fish, it has no scales, but instead a slippery, slimy skin that resembles an eel's. [54] In 1977, Kana Keoki returned to the Challenger Deep area for wider coverage of the forearc and backarc. The deepest location recorded was 10,920 metres (35,830 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917; for the first time documenting the eastern basin as the deepest of the three en echelon pools. [105], 2016 – RV Zhang Jian –– The newly launched 4,800-ton research vessel (and mothership for the Rainbow Fish series of deep submersibles), the Zhang Jian departed Shanghai on 3 December. Understanding how animals adapt to this harsh environment characterized by high hydrostatic pressure, food limitation, dark and cold is of great scientific interest. (June 26, 2015) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141219-deepest-fish-mariana-trench-animal-ocean-science/, Martin, R. Aidan. The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere (the oceans), with a depth of 10,902 to 10,929 m (35,768 to 35,856 ft) by direct measurement from deep-diving submersibles, remotely operated underwater vehicles and benthic landers and (sometimes) slightly more by sonar bathymetry. Their delicate looks belie serious ruggedness, because these fish are found in depths pushing nearly 5,000 feet (1,524 meters). Encyclopedia of Life. Estimates vary a little, but at its blackest depths, a crease called the Challenger Deep, this abyss is close to 36,037 feet (10,984 meters), or about 6.8 miles (10.9 kilometers) deep. This octopus may look dainty, but it's actually durable enough to make it the deepest dwelling octopus known to science. The high water pressure at this depth makes designing and operating exploratory craft difficult. The benthic lander was not recovered and may remain on the bottom in the vicinity of 11°20.1′N 142°25.2′E / 11.3350°N 142.4200°E / 11.3350; 142.4200. They also gathered magnetic and gravity information, but no seismic data. Challenger Deep - Ebook written by Neal Shusterman. All of the 10,900-plus m recordings were in the western basin. They operated in the Mariana Trench area, and on 13 December tested a system of underwater navigation at a depth exceeding 10,000 metres, during a field trial of the Tsaihungyuy (ultra-short baseline) system. Yayanos noted: "The lasting impression from this cruise comes from the thoughts of the revolutionary things that Seabeam data can do for deep biology."[59]. Goblin sharks have a protruding snout that looks like a pointy sword. The principal investigator at the Challenger Deep was Taishi Tsubouchi of JAMSTEC. "[citation needed], 2019 – RV Sally Ride –– In November 2019, as cruise SR1916, a NIOZ team led by chief scientist Hans van Haren, with Scripps technicians, deployed to the Challenger Deep aboard the 2,641-ton research vessel Sally Ride, to recover a mooring line from the western basin of the Challenger Deep. The equipment to be tested included a manned submersible (NOT full ocean depth—depth achieved not available) and two deep-sea landers, all capable of diving to depths of 10,000 meters, as well as a ROV that can go to 4,500 meters. The cruise was titled "Biogeosciences at the Challenger Deep: relict organisms and their relations to biogeochemical cycles." list of people who descended to Challenger Deep, history’s first major scientific expedition devoted entirely to the emerging science of oceanography, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, hybrid remotely operated underwater vehicle, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), List of people who descended to Challenger Deep, "IHO-IOC GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, August 2011 version", "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive", "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea", "James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth", "Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep", "Caladan Oceanic Revisits Challenger Deep in Month-Long Dive Series", Stewart, Heather & Jamieson, Alan. Oceanographic Research Papers, 129, 1-9", "RV SONNE 252 Cruise Report / Fahrtbericht Yokohama: 05.11.2016 Nouméa: 18.12.2016", Expedition probes ocean trench’s deepest secrets By Jane QiuJan.
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